{"schemaVersion":1,"passportCode":"AG","passportUrl":"https://multipassrank.com/passport/antigua-and-barbuda","scope":"Selected country-topic summaries; not a complete account of citizenship law or personal tax liability. These facts do not change mobility scores.","review":{"decision":"approved","reviewer":"/root","reviewedAt":"2026-09-22","recheckBy":"2026-12-21","candidateSha256":"8dffa268ae7205851ad3e0954dbc85f22c3ce34234e6a34852ba631eda7e4b26","notes":"Independently opened all 17 retained official authorities, checked six topics and 35 facts, and read the supplemental KN 2026 bill and AG 2019 business-tax amendment. Approved after author corrections to two statutory/checklist locators. Scope, stated editions, unavailable citizenship detail, residence-counting ambiguity and conditional foreign-income treatment remain integral. See matching review notes for actual-source reading details. Publication and deployment are separate."},"reviewScope":"A common review is provided only when all topics share one approval. Otherwise consult each topic's review; no collection means no review.","reviews":[{"decision":"approved","reviewer":"/root","reviewedAt":"2026-09-22","recheckBy":"2026-12-21","candidateSha256":"8dffa268ae7205851ad3e0954dbc85f22c3ce34234e6a34852ba631eda7e4b26","notes":"Independently opened all 17 retained official authorities, checked six topics and 35 facts, and read the supplemental KN 2026 bill and AG 2019 business-tax amendment. Approved after author corrections to two statutory/checklist locators. Scope, stated editions, unavailable citizenship detail, residence-counting ambiguity and conditional foreign-income treatment remain integral. See matching review notes for actual-source reading details. Publication and deployment are separate."}],"coverage":{"citizenship":"reviewed_scope","taxes":"reviewed_scope"},"topics":[{"code":"AG","topic":"citizenship","title":"Antigua and Barbuda: adult naturalisation","summary":"Ordinary alien naturalisation combines a final residence year with five aggregate years in the preceding seven-year window. Good character, future residence and ministerial discretion remain separate requirements; Commonwealth registration and investment citizenship are different routes.","scope":"Adult alien naturalisation under section 6 and Second Schedule paragraph 1, read with the enacted 2021 residence-counting amendment; not descent, marriage, Commonwealth registration or investment citizenship.","jurisdiction":"Antigua and Barbuda","routeType":"naturalisation","facts":[{"id":"ag-cit-residence","label":"Final year plus five in the earlier seven","text":"The ordinary alien route requires twelve months' residence immediately before application and five aggregate years within the seven years preceding that final year. In special circumstances, the Minister can accept a final twelve-month period ending up to six months earlier.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-cit-act"],"locator":"Second Schedule paragraphs 1(a)–(b) and 2, PDF page 16"},{"id":"ag-cit-counting","label":"Permitted absences and amended exclusions","text":"Short absences under six months and approved education, health or prescribed absences can count. The 2021 amendment excludes unlawful-residence periods totalling six months or more; it does not establish automatic credit for every shorter unlawful stay. Temporary permission requires ministerial consent to count; custody is excluded except mental-hospital detention.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-cit-act","ranks2140-ag-cit-amendment"],"locator":"Act section 2(7)–(8); Act 5 of 2021 section 2 replacing section 2(8)(a)"},{"id":"ag-cit-character","label":"Adult capacity, character and intention","text":"Applicants must be at least eighteen and of full capacity, satisfy the Minister as to good character, and intend to reside in Antigua and Barbuda if naturalised.","state":"documented","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-cit-act"],"locator":"Sections 2(3), 6; Second Schedule paragraph 1(c)–(d)"},{"id":"ag-cit-decision","label":"A discretionary grant and allegiance oath","text":"The Minister may grant a certificate after the statutory qualifications are satisfied. Citizenship follows the certificate and required allegiance oath; residence eligibility alone is not approval.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-cit-act"],"locator":"Section 6 and Third Schedule"},{"id":"ag-cit-language","label":"No inferred language exemption","text":"The collected naturalisation provisions do not establish a named language level, accepted test evidence or exemptions. Their silence is not a verified exemption from an interview or assessment.","state":"not_established","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-cit-act"],"locator":"Section 6 and Second Schedule"},{"id":"ag-cit-retention","label":"Renunciation and dual-nationality scope","text":"Voluntary renunciation has a safeguard against remaining without another nationality. The Constitution's express dual-nationality protection concerns its specified independence-era citizens and registration cohort; ordinary naturalisation retention conditions are not fully established here.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-cit-act","ranks2140-ag-constitution"],"locator":"Citizenship Act section 7; Constitution section 115(1)–(2), tied to 1 November 1981"}],"limits":["The government's base Act is read with Act 5 of 2021, published 13 May 2021; its older residence-exclusion wording must not be used alone. Commonwealth and British-protected-person routes have different residence rules.","The immigration FAQ could not be independently retrieved beyond search previews and is not cited. Language/testing and complete ordinary-route foreign-nationality retention conditions remain unresolved, not waived."],"review":{"decision":"approved","reviewer":"/root","reviewedAt":"2026-09-22","recheckBy":"2026-12-21","candidateSha256":"8dffa268ae7205851ad3e0954dbc85f22c3ce34234e6a34852ba631eda7e4b26","notes":"Independently opened all 17 retained official authorities, checked six topics and 35 facts, and read the supplemental KN 2026 bill and AG 2019 business-tax amendment. Approved after author corrections to two statutory/checklist locators. Scope, stated editions, unavailable citizenship detail, residence-counting ambiguity and conditional foreign-income treatment remain integral. See matching review notes for actual-source reading details. Publication and deployment are separate."},"url":"https://multipassrank.com/passport/antigua-and-barbuda/citizenship","disclaimer":"General information, not legal advice or a finding of eligibility. Requirements depend on the route, applicant and filing date. Verify the official instructions before applying."},{"code":"AG","topic":"taxes","title":"Antigua and Barbuda: individual tax scope","summary":"Personal income tax was abolished in 2016, but unincorporated business income, including covered rents, remains a separate tax concern. Its legislation distinguishes employment, local business connections, foreign-source conditions and nonresident collection duties.","scope":"Baseline individual employment and unincorporated-business income treatment, incorporated residence definition, foreign-income qualifications and nonresident obligations; not company taxation or a tax calculation.","jurisdiction":"Antigua and Barbuda","facts":[{"id":"ag-tax-framework","label":"Abolition does not exempt all personal income","text":"The IRD confirms personal income-tax abolition followed by unincorporated business tax from 1 July 2016. Self-employment, sole traders, partnerships and covered rents fall within that separate regime; employment income is excluded.","state":"documented","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-tax-faq","ranks2140-ag-business-tax"],"locator":"IRD FAQ questions 1–4; Unincorporated Business Tax Act sections 2 and 4(2)(e)","effectiveFrom":"2016-07-01"},{"id":"ag-tax-residence","label":"Several individual residence tests","text":"The business-tax law adopts the Income Tax Act's residence definition: permanent abode plus some presence, at least 183 days in the basis period, or presence continuous with qualifying presence in an adjoining year. The abode limb preserves specified whole-year education, medical or government-duty absences subject to the Commissioner's satisfaction.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-business-tax","ranks2140-ag-tax-definition"],"locator":"Unincorporated Business Tax Act section 2; Income Tax Act section 2, resident definition (a)(i)–(iii), printed pages 6–7"},{"id":"ag-tax-foreign","label":"Foreign business income is conditional","text":"The business-tax charge can cover income arising abroad whether remitted or not. Its foreign-source exemption requires both no incidental connection to activity in Antigua and Barbuda and liability to tax in the source jurisdiction. Separate relief concerns temporary visitors without resident intent and under six months' actual residence in the income year.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-business-tax"],"locator":"Unincorporated Business Tax Act sections 2, 3, 4(2)(d), 4(3) and 10(d)(i); printed pages 7–12"},{"id":"ag-tax-nonresident","label":"Nonresident property and withholding","text":"Nonresident rental-property owners must appoint a property-management agent for tax and filing duties. Payments to nonresident individuals can attract withholding for specified rent, interest and other chargeable income; nonresidence is not a blanket exemption.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-business-tax","ranks2140-ag-tax-faq"],"locator":"Unincorporated Business Tax Act sections 16–17; IRD FAQ questions 9–10"},{"id":"ag-tax-filing-relief","label":"Returns and agreement-specific exemptions","text":"Covered businesses file quarterly and an annual return by 31 March after the year-end. The Act also recognises income exemptions under applicable government agreements; agreement coverage and conditions must be checked rather than assuming automatic foreign-tax relief.","state":"conditional","sourceIds":["ranks2140-ag-business-tax","ranks2140-ag-tax-faq"],"locator":"Unincorporated Business Tax Act sections 4(2)(c), 12–13; IRD FAQ question 7"}],"limits":["The current official collection uses the 2016 business-tax Act and posted IRD FAQ; the 2019 registration amendment was also read and does not supply a new residence test. The older Income Tax Act is used only for the definition expressly incorporated by the business-tax statute.","No generic territorial-tax or tax-free-passport label is justified. General information only: particular income classification, other-country taxation, treaty access and social contributions require separate analysis. Rates and monetary thresholds are omitted."],"review":{"decision":"approved","reviewer":"/root","reviewedAt":"2026-09-22","recheckBy":"2026-12-21","candidateSha256":"8dffa268ae7205851ad3e0954dbc85f22c3ce34234e6a34852ba631eda7e4b26","notes":"Independently opened all 17 retained official authorities, checked six topics and 35 facts, and read the supplemental KN 2026 bill and AG 2019 business-tax amendment. Approved after author corrections to two statutory/checklist locators. Scope, stated editions, unavailable citizenship detail, residence-counting ambiguity and conditional foreign-income treatment remain integral. See matching review notes for actual-source reading details. Publication and deployment are separate."},"url":"https://multipassrank.com/passport/antigua-and-barbuda/taxes","disclaimer":"General information, not personal tax advice. Nationality, tax residence and source of income are different questions. Consult the tax authority or a qualified adviser for your circumstances."}],"sources":[{"id":"ranks2140-ag-cit-act","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","title":"Antigua and Barbuda Citizenship Act, Chapter 22","url":"https://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-22.pdf","language":"en","retrievedAt":"2026-09-22"},{"id":"ranks2140-ag-cit-amendment","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","title":"Citizenship Amendment Act 5 of 2021","url":"https://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/No.-5-of-2021-Antigua-and-Barbuda-Citizenship-Amendment-Act-2021.pdf","language":"en","retrievedAt":"2026-09-22"},{"id":"ranks2140-ag-constitution","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","title":"Constitution, Chapter 23 — citizenship provisions","url":"https://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-23.pdf","language":"en","retrievedAt":"2026-09-22"},{"id":"ranks2140-ag-business-tax","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","title":"Unincorporated Business Tax Act 7 of 2016","url":"https://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/a2016-7.pdf","language":"en","retrievedAt":"2026-09-22"},{"id":"ranks2140-ag-tax-faq","publisher":"Inland Revenue Department","title":"Unincorporated Business Tax frequently asked questions","url":"https://ird.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Unincorporated_Business_Tax_FAQ.pdf","language":"en","retrievedAt":"2026-09-22"},{"id":"ranks2140-ag-tax-definition","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","title":"Income Tax Act, Chapter 212 — residence definition","url":"https://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-212.pdf","language":"en","retrievedAt":"2026-09-22"}],"indicators":{"scope":"These describe the publisher's statistical geography, not benefits acquired by holding its passport. Values from different years are not a like-for-like ranking. No combined quality-of-life score is calculated.","review":{"decision":"approved","reviewer":"/root/review_pass412","reviewedAt":"2026-09-22","recheckBy":"2026-12-21","candidateSha256":"39a387a50a2aabd1d22f731ee6cac6f5c5ca947272add45f874774511443a18c","notes":"Independently fetched the exact UNDP CSV, complete World Bank series and geography-registry responses, and parsed them using Ruby standard CSV/JSON rather than the author's parser. All 146 outcomes across 73 geographies match: 140 exact native values with provider names and years, and six explicit source-specific nulls (MC/MO HDI; VA/TW both). All ISO mappings and non-aggregate scopes checked, with absent registry entities explicitly qualified. Verified HDR2025/2023 latest HDI, WDI2024 observations and 2026-07-13 update, source licences, attribution, rounding disclosures and no endorsement. The initial candidate's decoded-text UNDP hash was held; this replacement preserves all independently checked observations, records explicit encodings and matches the independently downloaded original bytes: UNDP 61ed82e5b66c88dfca8ff9fac775c63981ecab6a254862af97acacc41c143117, WDI 19be3c9b22cbba7a453233aa0f98f86f0ca1437667a57e91e899d9d43e8a5784, registry d29d57f8adf954c5e2a1520a02fb2c7b45575d8db3bd327a9dff47d66914231c. Approval binds only these replacement candidate bytes; historic approvals remain unchanged."},"coverage":"reviewed_scope","observations":[{"code":"AG","providerEntityCode":"ATG","providerEntityName":"Antigua and Barbuda","geographicScope":"Publisher-reported national statistical geography; not every overseas territory or citizen abroad","metric":"hdi","sourceId":"undp-hdr2025","period":"2023","value":0.851,"availability":"available","definition":{"label":"Human Development Index","unit":"0–1","precision":3,"description":"UNDP's development measure; not a passport or relocation score."},"source":{"id":"undp-hdr2025","publisher":"UNDP","attribution":"UNDP Human Development Report 2025, composite indices time series. Selected observations; display rounded to three decimals. No endorsement implied.","title":"Human Development Index","url":"https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/documentation-and-downloads","dataUrl":"https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Composite_indices_complete_time_series.csv","licenceUrl":"https://hdr.undp.org/terms-use","licence":"CC BY 3.0 IGO","edition":"Human Development Report 2025","sourceSha256":"61ed82e5b66c88dfca8ff9fac775c63981ecab6a254862af97acacc41c143117","dataEncoding":"windows-1252"}},{"code":"AG","providerEntityCode":"ATG","providerEntityName":"Antigua and Barbuda","geographicScope":"Publisher-reported national statistical geography; not every overseas territory or citizen abroad","metric":"life_expectancy","sourceId":"wb-life","period":"2024","value":77.766,"availability":"available","definition":{"label":"Life expectancy at birth","unit":"years","precision":1,"description":"Population-level period estimate; not an individual prediction or healthcare-access rating."},"source":{"id":"wb-life","publisher":"World Bank","attribution":"World Bank: World Development Indicators, SP.DYN.LE00.IN; UN World Population Prospects, national statistical offices and Eurostat. Selected observations; display rounded to one decimal. No endorsement implied.","title":"Life expectancy at birth, total","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN","dataUrl":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json&date=2020:2026&per_page=20000","licenceUrl":"https://data.worldbank.org/summary-terms-of-use","licence":"CC BY 4.0 with World Bank additional terms","edition":"World Development Indicators, updated 2026-07-13","sourceSha256":"19be3c9b22cbba7a453233aa0f98f86f0ca1437667a57e91e899d9d43e8a5784","dataEncoding":"utf-8","geographyUrl":"https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all?format=json&per_page=400","geographySha256":"d29d57f8adf954c5e2a1520a02fb2c7b45575d8db3bd327a9dff47d66914231c"}}]}}