# Dual citizenship countries and passport compatibility

A combined passport score is a hypothetical mobility calculation. Citizenship retention depends on every country's law and may change with birth, descent, naturalisation, age, residence, marriage or an exception.

This first release contains 20 official-source country reviews. Unreviewed countries are not assumed to permit or prohibit multiple citizenship.

## Generally restricts multiple citizenship

### India

**India does not allow Indian and foreign citizenship to be held simultaneously.**

Overseas Citizenship of India is a separate immigration status, not Indian citizenship and not a second passport.

- An OCI card provides a lifelong multiple-entry visa and specified benefits, but it does not make its holder an Indian citizen.
- A proposed passport combination containing India and another citizenship may therefore be legally incompatible for many adults.

Official sources:
- [Ministry of Home Affairs, India — Overseas Citizenship of India Cardholder — introduction](https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/OCIIntroduction_23072021.pdf)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### China

**China does not recognize dual nationality for Chinese nationals.**

The Nationality Law rejects dual nationality and provides for loss of Chinese nationality in specified cases of voluntary foreign naturalisation.

- Birth, parents' settlement abroad and how another nationality was acquired can change the result.
- A proposed China-plus-another-country combination requires individual nationality-law review.

Official sources:
- [National Immigration Administration, China — Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China](https://en.nia.gov.cn/n147418/n147458/c155976/content.html)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### Singapore

**Singapore does not allow adults to retain dual citizenship.**

Singapore citizenship procedures require an undertaking acknowledging that dual citizenship is not allowed; age, acquisition route and National Service obligations require individual review.

- Renouncing or losing citizenship before completing National Service can affect the person and family members' later immigration applications.

Official sources:
- [Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, Singapore — Singapore citizenship oral undertaking](https://www.ica.gov.sg/docs/default-source/ica/forms/oral-undertaking-form.pdf)
- [Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, Singapore — Becoming a Singapore citizen](https://www.ica.gov.sg/reside/citizenship)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

## Permitted only in some circumstances

### Spain

**Spanish dual-nationality outcomes depend on origin, the other country, residence, and conservation procedures.**

Spain protects dual nationality without renunciation for specified Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea and Portugal; a bilateral convention separately covers France. Other acquisition and retention cases can require renunciation declarations or a timely declaration to conserve Spanish nationality.

- Some Spanish citizens resident abroad must declare their wish to retain Spanish nationality within three years of acquiring or exclusively using another nationality.
- People born and resident abroad to a Spanish parent also born abroad can face a separate conservation deadline after majority or emancipation.

Official sources:
- [Ministry of Justice, Spain — Tener la Doble Nacionalidad](https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/ciudadania/nacionalidad/que-es-nacionalidad/tener-doble-nacionalidad)
- [Official State Gazette, Spain — Spanish Civil Code, Article 24](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1889-4763)
- [Official State Gazette, Spain — Spain–France nationality convention](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-4916)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

### Israel

**Israeli multiple-citizenship treatment depends strongly on the acquisition route.**

Israel has official procedures for citizens who already hold another nationality, but ordinary naturalisation of a permanent resident requires relinquishing the other citizenship or proving it will cease after naturalisation.

- Citizenship acquired through return, birth, residence, naturalisation, or grant can engage different rules.
- A mobility combination containing Israel should not be treated as legally attainable without checking the person's acquisition route and the other country's law.

Official sources:
- [Population and Immigration Authority, Israel — Naturalisation for permanent residents](https://www.gov.il/en/service/request_for_citizenship_of_a_person_who_holds_pemanent_residency)
- [Population and Immigration Authority, Israel — Renounce Israeli citizenship to keep foreign citizenship](https://www.gov.il/en/service/treatment_of_waiver_of_citizenship_for_applicant_who_keeps_previous_citizenship)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

### United Arab Emirates

**The UAE permits retention in its exceptional nomination framework, but nationality is not an ordinary application route.**

The UAE's 2021 framework allows naturalised people in specified exceptional categories to retain their original nationality, while limiting acquisition to government nomination through rulers' courts, executive councils, or the Cabinet.

- The named cohorts include selected investors, doctors, specialists, inventors, scientists, intellectuals, artists and exceptional talents; meeting a broad professional description does not create an application entitlement.
- This makes a US–UAE combination mathematically valid for travel analysis but generally unrealistic as a conventional second-passport plan.
- Citizenship can be withdrawn if the applicable conditions are breached.

Official sources:
- [Official Platform of the UAE Government — Emirati nationality](https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/passports-and-traveling/emirati-nationality)

Reviewed 2026-08-31.

### Japan

**Japan requires multiple nationals to choose a nationality under prescribed rules.**

A Japanese national who voluntarily acquires a foreign nationality loses Japanese nationality; people who hold more than one nationality through other circumstances are subject to choice and notification rules.

- The applicable deadline depends on the person's age and when multiple nationality arose.
- Naturalisation in Japan generally requires the applicant to have no nationality or to lose the prior nationality on naturalisation, subject to a narrow exception.

Official sources:
- [Ministry of Justice, Japan — Nationality Q&A](https://www.moj.go.jp/EN/MINJI/minji78.html)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### Netherlands

**Dutch multiple citizenship depends on the acquisition route and exceptions.**

Naturalising applicants are generally required to renounce another citizenship when possible, with defined exceptions; Dutch citizens may also automatically lose Dutch citizenship when voluntarily acquiring another citizenship unless an exception applies.

- Exceptions include some spouses or registered partners of Dutch citizens and recognized refugees.
- The other country's law can independently cause nationality loss.

Official sources:
- [Government of the Netherlands — Dual citizenship](https://www.government.nl/themes/migration-and-travel/dutch-citizenship/dual-citizenship)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### Philippines

**Philippine retention and reacquisition rules protect specified natural-born Filipinos.**

Republic Act No. 9225 allows natural-born Philippine citizens who acquire foreign citizenship to retain or reacquire Philippine citizenship through the statutory process; it is not a universal route for every foreign national.

- Eligible applicants must complete the prescribed application and oath process.
- The law can permit two or more concurrent citizenships for people within its scope.

Official sources:
- [Senate of the Philippines Legislative Reference Bureau — Republic Act No. 9225](https://ldr.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Republic%20Act%20No.%209225)
- [Department of Foreign Affairs, Philippines — RA 9225 dual-citizenship FAQ](https://romepe.dfa.gov.ph/images/FAQs_-_Dual_Citizenship_as_of_Feb_2020.pdf)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### Indonesia

**Indonesia provides limited dual citizenship for qualifying children.**

Qualifying children may hold limited dual citizenship, but they must choose one nationality after turning 18 or marrying, within the statutory period.

- The limited status applies only to children in categories defined by Indonesia's nationality law.
- Registration, affidavit and passport-use requirements can apply before the choice deadline.

Official sources:
- [Directorate General of Immigration, Indonesia — Children with limited dual citizenship](https://ngurahrai.imigrasi.go.id/anak-berkewarganegaraan-ganda/)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

## Generally permits multiple citizenship

### United States

**United States law permits dual and multiple nationality.**

A US citizen may acquire another nationality without having to choose between it and US citizenship, although the other country's law still controls whether that nationality can be retained.

- US dual nationals must enter and leave the United States using a US passport.
- Tax, military, registration and consular-protection obligations can still overlap.

Official sources:
- [US Department of State — Dual Nationality](https://travel.state.gov/en/international-travel/planning/personal-needs/dual-nationality.html)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### United Kingdom

**The United Kingdom allows dual citizenship.**

A British citizen can apply for another citizenship and keep British citizenship, subject to the other country's rules.

- British consular assistance may be unavailable while a dual national is in the country of their other nationality.
- British or Irish dual citizens cannot use an ETA to travel to the UK and should carry an eligible passport or entitlement document.

Official sources:
- [Government of the United Kingdom — Dual citizenship](https://www.gov.uk/dual-citizenship)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### Portugal

**Portuguese law allows a Portuguese citizen to hold other nationalities.**

Portugal does not require a person to give up another nationality in order to acquire Portuguese nationality, but the other country's law may impose its own loss or renunciation rule.

- Portuguese nationality routes depend on facts such as birth, parentage, residence, family relationship and ties to the Portuguese community.

Official sources:
- [Ministry of Justice, Portugal — Como obter a nacionalidade portuguesa](https://justica.gov.pt/Guias/como-obter-nacionalidade-portuguesa)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### Germany

**Germany's modern citizenship law permits multiple citizenship.**

Since the 2024 reform, naturalising applicants generally no longer have to give up their previous nationality under German law; the law of the other country still matters.

- Germany's current standard naturalisation residence period is five years when the other requirements are met.

Official sources:
- [Federal Government of Germany — Modernisation of citizenship law](https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/modernisation-citizenship-law-2254382)
- [Federal Government of Germany — Citizenship after five years at the earliest](https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/suche/kabinett-einbuergerung-2350620)

Reviewed 2026-08-28.

### Canada

**Canada allows dual and multiple citizenship.**

Canadian law allows a Canadian citizen to take another citizenship and allows a person becoming Canadian to retain another citizenship, although the other country's rules may still cause loss.

- Dual Canadian citizens generally need a valid Canadian passport to board a flight to Canada; Canadian-American dual citizens have a specific US-passport exception.
- Canada's rules do not protect the other citizenship from that country's loss or renunciation law.

Official sources:
- [Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada — What is dual citizenship?](https://ircc.canada.ca/english/helpcentre/answer.asp?qnum=356)
- [Government of Canada — Dual Canadian citizens need a valid Canadian passport](https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/visit-canada/dual-canadian-citizens-visit-canada.html)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

### Australia

**Australian citizens may hold another citizenship when the other country permits it.**

Australia's official citizenship guidance expressly recognizes dual and multiple citizenship; the law of every other country in the combination remains independently relevant.

- An Australian citizen remains subject to Australian law in Australia and to specified Australian laws while overseas.
- Consular assistance can be limited in the country of the person's other nationality.

Official sources:
- [Department of Home Affairs, Australia — Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond](https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/citizenship-subsite/files/our-common-bond-testable.pdf)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

### France

**France permits dual and multiple nationality.**

French law does not require a person becoming French to renounce an existing nationality, or a French citizen acquiring another nationality to renounce French nationality.

- A French multiple national is generally treated only as a national of the other country while in that country, which can limit French diplomatic protection.
- A person becoming French declares which existing nationalities they intend to retain or renounce.

Official sources:
- [Service Public, French Republic — Peut-on avoir plusieurs nationalités en France ?](https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F334)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

### Ireland

**Irish law allows a person to retain another citizenship.**

An Irish citizen does not have to give up Irish citizenship to become a citizen elsewhere, and a person does not have to give up another citizenship to become Irish by naturalisation, birth, or descent.

- The other country's law may still require renunciation or cause automatic loss.
- Irish consular protection can be limited while a dual citizen is in the country of their other nationality.

Official sources:
- [Immigration Service Delivery, Department of Justice, Ireland — Dual Citizenship](https://www.irishimmigration.ie/how-to-become-a-citizen/dual-citizenship/)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

### Italy

**Italy generally permits an Italian citizen to retain a later foreign citizenship.**

Since Law No. 91/1992 took effect, acquiring a foreign citizenship does not ordinarily cause loss of Italian citizenship unless the person formally renounces it, subject to international agreements.

- Citizenship recognition by descent was materially restricted in 2025 for people born abroad who already hold another citizenship.
- Historic loss, reacquisition, descent, and treaty cases require route-specific review.

Official sources:
- [Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Italy — Cittadinanza](https://www.esteri.it/it/servizi-consolari-e-visti/normativa_consolare/serviziconsolari/cittadinanza/)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

### Brazil

**Brazil no longer removes nationality merely because another nationality was acquired.**

Constitutional Amendment No. 131 of 2023 removed voluntary acquisition of another nationality as an automatic ground for loss; loss now generally requires an express request or judicial cancellation in the defined cases.

- An express loss request cannot be accepted where it would create statelessness.
- Renunciation does not prevent later reacquisition of original Brazilian nationality under the law.

Official sources:
- [Presidency of the Federative Republic of Brazil — Constitutional Amendment No. 131](https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/emc131.htm)

Reviewed 2026-08-30.

## Use with the calculator

MultiPass Rank displays non-blocking cautions for reviewed conditional or generally restricted countries in a combined set. The calculation always remains available.

- [Build a passport combination](https://multipassrank.com/compare)
- [Read how many passports one person can have](https://multipassrank.com/how-many-passports-can-you-have)
- [Explore reviewed citizenship acquisition routes](https://multipassrank.com/citizenship-by-descent)
- [Read the dual-passport mobility guide](https://multipassrank.com/dual-passport)